Motivated by real-life emerging needs in critical domains, this ontology provides a coherent and generic representation of semantic trajectories, in association with related events and contextual information. The main contribution of this ontology is the representation of semantic trajectories at different levels of spatiotemporal analysis. This version currently focus on aviation and maritime conceptualizations.
Created by G. Vouros and G. Santipantakis
Each airline is located at a country. This property expresses the relation between an airline and the country it is located in.
An entity is dependent from another entity, e.g. an airport that depends on another collocated airport
This property identifies the starting point of a SengmentLeg, such as DepartureLeg/ArrivalLeg.
An Information entity (e.g. Document) that has been reported by another entity. For example a blacklist report that has been reported by a maritime authority
Example: the EEZ of a country, is under the sovereignt of that country
The relation holding between any Agent, and a SocialAgent. In principle, a SocialAgent requires at least one PhysicalAgent in order to act, but this dependency can be 'delegated'; e.g. a university can be acted for by a department, which on its turm is acted for by physical agents.
acts for
agisce per
The relation holding between a PhysicalAgent and a SocialAgent. In principle, a SocialAgent requires at least one PhysicalAgent in order to act, but this dependency can be 'delegated', e.g. a university can be acted for by a department, which is acted for by physical agents. AKA isActedBy
acts through
agisce mediante
A catch-all object property, useful for alignment and querying purposes.
A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to characterize a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a _proper subset of_ a (reified) class. This is different from covers, because it refers to an interpretation the entire reified class. E.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is characterized by the Concept 'manufactured by hand', while it gets covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.
caratterizza
characterizes
A relation between a Concept and an Entity, e.g. the Role 'student' classifies a Person 'John'.
classifica
classifies
A relation stating that an Agent is internally representing a SocialObject: situations, descriptions, concepts, etc. E.g., 'John believes in the conspiracy theory'; 'Niels Bohr created the solar-system metaphor for the atomic theory'; 'Jacques assumes all swans are white'; 'the task force members share the attack plan'. Conceptualizations can be distinguished into different forms, primarily based on the type of SocialObject that is conceptualized. Descriptions and concepts can be 'assumed', situations can be 'believed' or 'known', plans can be 'adopted', etc. (see ontology: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/Conceptualization.owl.
conceptualizes
concettualizza
A relation between an InformationRealization and a Description, e.g. 'the printout of the Italian Constitution concretelyExpresses the Italian Constitution'. It should be supplied also with a rule stating that the InformationRealization realizes an InformationObject that expresses the Description
concretely expresses
esprime concretamente
A relation between two objects participating in a same Event; e.g., 'Vitas and Jimmy are playing tennis'.
co-participates with
copartecipa con
A relation between concepts and collections, where a Concept is said to cover a Collection; it corresponds to a link between the (reified) intensional and extensional interpretations of a (reified) class. E.g. the collection of vintage saxophones is covered by the Concept 'Saxophone' with the Parameter 'Vintage'.
covers
ricopre
A relation between a Description and a Concept, e.g. a Workflow for a governmental Organization defines the Role 'officer', or 'the Italian Traffic Law defines the role Vehicle'.
defines
definisce
A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the role 'ingredient'.
defines role
definisce il ruolo
A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the recipe for a cake defines the task 'boil'.
defines task
definisce il task
The relation between a Description and an Entity : a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.
describes
descrive
The intransitive follows relation. For example, Wednesday directly precedes Thursday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.
directly follows
segue direttamente
The intransitive precedes relation. For example, Monday directly precedes Tuesday. Directness of precedence depends on the designer conceptualization.
directly precedes
precede direttamente
A relation between an action and a task, e.g. 'putting some water in a pot and putting the pot on a fire until the water starts bubbling' executes the task 'boiling'.
esegue il task
executes task
A partial order relation that holds between descriptions. It represents the proper part relation between a description and another description featuring the same properties as the former, with at least one additional one. Descriptions can be expanded either by adding other descriptions as parts, or by refining concepts that are used by them. An 'intention' to expand must be present (unless purely formal theories are considered, but even in this case a criterion of relevance is usually active).
espande
expands
A relation between an InformationObject and a 'meaning', generalized here as a 'SocialObject'. For example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'. The intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.
This is a large comment field for those who want to investigate the different uses of the 'expresses' relation for modeling different approaches to meaning characterization and modeling. For example, in all these cases, some aspect of meaning is involved: - Beehive means "a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box." (Oxford dictionary) - 'Beehive' is a synonym in noun synset 09218159 "beehive|hive" (WordNet) - 'the term Beehive can be interpreted as the fact of 'being a beehive', i.e. a relation that holds for concepts such as Bee, Honey, Hosting, etc.' - 'the text of Italian apiculture regulation expresses a rule by which beehives should be kept at least one kilometer away from inhabited areas' - 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive' - ''Beehive' for apiculturists does not express the same meaning as for, say, fishermen' - 'Your meaning of 'Beautiful' does not seem to fit mine' - ''Beehive' is formally interpreted as the set of all beehives' - 'from the term 'Beehive', we can build a vector space of statistically significant cooccurring terms in the documents that contain it' - the lexeme 'Belly' expresses the role 'Body_Part' in the frame 'ObservableBodyParts' (FrameNet) As the examples suggest, the 'meaning of meaning' is dependent on the background approach/theory that one assumes. One can hardly make a summary of the too many approaches and theories of meaning, therefore this relation is maybe the most controversial and difficult to explain; normally, in such cases it would be better to give up formalizing. However, the usefulness of having a 'semantic abstraction' in modeling information objects is so high (e.g. for the semantic web, interoperability, reengineering, etc.), that we accept this challenging task, although without taking any particular position in the debate. We provide here some examples, which we want to generalize upon when using the 'expresses' relation to model semantic aspects of social reality. In the most common approach, lexicographers that write dictionaries, glossaries, etc. assume that the meaning of a term is a paraphrase (or 'gloss', or 'definition'). Another approach is provided by concept schemes like thesauri and lexicons, which assume that the meaning of a term is a 'concept', encoded as a 'lemma', 'synset', or 'descriptor'. Still another approach is that of psychologists and cognitive scientists, which often assume that the meaning of an information object is a concept encoded in the mind or cognitive system of an agent. A radically different approach is taken by social scientists and semioticians, who usually assume that meanings of an information object are spread across the communication practices in which members of a community use that object. Another approach that tackles the distributed nature of meaning is assumed by geometrical models of semantics, which assume that the meaning of an InformationObject (e.g. a word) results from the set of informational contexts (e.g. within texts) in which that object is used similarly. The logical approach to meaning is still different, since it assumes that the meaning of e.g. a term is equivalent to the set of individuals that the term can be applied to; for example, the meaning of 'Ali' is e.g. an individual person called Ali, the meaning of 'Airplane' is e.g. the set of airplanes, etc. Finally, an approach taken by structuralist linguistics and frame semantics is that a meaning is the relational context in which an information object can be applied; for example, a meaning of 'Airplane' is situated e.g. in the context ('frame') of passenger airline flights. These different approaches are not necessarily conflicting, and they mostly talk about different aspects of so-called 'semantics'. They can be summarized and modelled within DOLCE-Ultralite as follows (notice that such list is far from exhaustive): (1) Informal meaning (as for linguistic or commonsense semantics: a distinction is assumed between (informal) meaning and reference; see isAbout for an alternative pattern on reference) - Paraphrase meaning (as for lexicographic semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and different instances of InformationObject that act as 'paraphrases' - Conceptual meaning (as for 'concept scheme' semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and instances of Concept - Relational meaning (as for frame semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and instances of Description - Cognitive meaning (as for 'psychological' semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between any instance of InformationObject and any different instance of InformationObject that isRealizedBy a mental, cognitive or neural state (depending on which theory of mind is assumed). Such states can be considered here as instances of Process (occurring in the mind, cognitive system, or neural system of an agent) - Cultural meaning (as for 'social science' semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between instances of InformationObject and instances of SocialObject (institutions, cultural paradigms, norms, social practices, etc.) - Distributional meaning (as for geometrical models of meaning). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between any instance of InformationObject and any different instance of InformationObject that isFormallyRepresentedIn some (geometrical) Region (e.g. a vector space) (2) Formal meaning (as for logic and formal semantics: no distinction is assumed between informal meaning and reference, therefore between 'expresses' and 'isAbout', which can be used interchangeably) - Object-level formal meaning (as in the traditional first-order logic semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between an instance of InformationObject and an instance of Collection that isGroundingFor (in most cases) a Set; isGroundingFor is defined in the ontology: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/IOLite.owl - Modal formal meaning (as in possible-world semantics). Here it is modelled as the expresses relation between an instance of InformationObject and an instance of Collection that isGroundingFor a Set, and which isPartOf some different instance of Collection that isGroundingFor a PossibleWorld This is only a first step to provide a framework, in which one can model different aspects of meaning. A more developed ontology should approach the problem of integrating the different uses of 'expresses', so that different theories, resources, methods can interoperate.
esprime
expresses
A relation between an InformationObject and a Concept , e.g. the term "dog" expresses the Concept "dog". For expressing a relational meaning, see the more general object property: expresses
esprime il concetto
expresses concept
Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is far from Beijing, astronomy is far from necromancy.
far from
A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. E.g. 'year 2000 follows 1999', 'preparing coffee' follows 'deciding what coffee to use', 'II World War follows I World War', etc. It can be used between tasks, processes or time intervals, and subproperties would fit best in order to distinguish the different uses.
follows
segue
A relation to encode either formal or informal characterizations of 'boundaries' common to two different entities: an Event that ends when another begins, two abstract regions that have a common topological boundary, two objects that are said to be 'in contact' from a commonsense perspective, etc.
has common boundary
The hasPart relation without transitivity, holding between an Object (the system) and another (the component), and assuming a Design that structures the Object.
ha componente
has component
'Constituency' depends on some layering of the world described by the ontology. For example, scientific granularities (e.g. body-organ-tissue-cell) or ontological 'strata' (e.g. social-mental-biological-physical) are typical layerings. Intuitively, a constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the world described by the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. A desirable advantage of this distinction is that we are able to talk e.g. of physical constituents of non-physical objects (e.g. systems), while this is not possible in terms of parts. Example of are the persons constituting a social system, the molecules constituting a person, the atoms constituting a river, etc. In all these examples, we notice a typical discontinuity between the constituted and the constituent object: e.g. a social system is conceptualized at a different layer from the persons that constitute it, a person is conceptualized at a different layer from the molecules that constitute them, and a river is conceptualized at a different layer from the atoms that constitute it.
ha costituente
has constituent
A relation between parameters and entities. It allows to assert generic constraints (encoded as parameters), e.g. MinimumAgeForDriving isConstraintFor John (where John is a legal subject under the TrafficLaw). The intended semantics (not expressible in OWL) is that a Parameter isParameterFor a Concept that classifies an Entity; moreover, it entails that a Parameter parametrizes a Region that isRegionFor that Entity.
ha vincolo
has constraint
A generic, relative spatial location, holding between any entities. E.g. 'the cat is on the mat', 'Omar is in Samarcanda', 'the wound is close to the femural artery'. For 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion
ha localizzazione
has location
A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'my collection of saxophones includes an old Adolphe Sax original alto' (i.e. my collection has member an Adolphe Sax alto).
ha membro
has member
A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16.
ha parametro
has parameter
A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the human body has a brain as part', '20th century contains year 1923', 'World War II includes the Pearl Harbour event'. Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize hasPart for objects, events, etc.
ha parte
has part
A relation between an object and a process, e.g. 'John took part in the discussion', 'a large mass of snow fell during the avalanche', or 'a cook, some sugar, flour, etc. are all present in the cooking of a cake'.
ha come partecipante
has participant
Direct succession applied to situations. E.g., 'A postcondition of our Plan is to have things settled'.
ha postcondizione
has postcondition
Direct precedence applied to situations. E.g., 'A precondition to declare war against a foreign country is claiming to find nuclear weapons in it'.
ha precondizione
has precondition
A relation between entities and qualities, e.g. 'Dmitri's skin is yellowish'.
ha qualità
has quality
A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the number of wheels of that truck is 12', 'the time of the experiment is August 9th, 2004', 'the whale has been localized at 34 degrees E, 20 degrees S'.
ha attributo
has region
A relation between an object and a role, e.g. the person 'John' has role 'student'.
ha ruolo
has role
A relation between entities and situations, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica hasSetting the preparation of my coffee this morning.
has setting
è nel contesto di
A relation between roles and tasks, e.g. 'students have the duty of giving exams' (i.e. the Role 'student' hasTask the Task 'giving exams').
ha come obiettivo
has task
The generic relation between events and time intervals.
ha intervallo temporale
has time interval
A relation between situations and actions, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).
include azione
includes action
A relation between situations and persons, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).
include l'agente
includes agent
A relation between situations and events, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included a burning of my fingers).
include l'evento
includes event
A relation between situations and objects, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning included me).
include l'oggetto
includes object
A relation between situations and time intervals, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee and had my fingers burnt' (i.e.: preparing my coffee was held this morning). A data value attached to the time interval typically complements this modelling pattern.
include tempo
includes time
A relation between a Description and a SocialAgent, e.g. a Constitutional Charter introduces the SocialAgent 'PresidentOfRepublic'.
introduce
introduces
coinvolge agente
involves agent
A relation between information objects and any Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about e.g. entities are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: Collection . The isAbout relation is reflexive (not expressible in OWL1.0), because information objects are also about themselves.
is about
si riferisce a
is action included in
è un'azione nel contesto di
is agent included in
è un agente nel contesto di
is agent involved in
è un agente coinvolto in
is characterized by
è caratterizzato da
A relation between a Concept and an Entity, e.g. 'John is considered a typical rude man'; your last concert constitutes the achievement of a lifetime; '20-year-old means she's mature enough'.
is classified by
è classificato da
is component of
è componente di
is concept expressed by
è un concetto espresso da
A more generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description
is concept used in
è un concetto usato in
A relation stating that an Agent is internally representing a Description . E.g., 'John believes in the conspiracy theory'; 'Niels Bohr created a solar-system metaphor for his atomic theory'; 'Jacques assumes all swans are white'; 'the task force shares the attack plan'.
is conceptualized by
è concettualizzato da
is concretely expressed by
è espresso concretamente da
is constituent of
è costituente di
A relation between parameters and entities. It allows to assert generic constraints (encoded as parameters), e.g. MinimumAgeForDriving isConstraintFor John (where John is a legal subject under the TrafficLaw). The intended semantics (not expressible in OWL) is that a Parameter isConstraintFor and Entity if the Parameter isParameterFor a Concept that classifies that Entity; moreover, it entails that a Parameter parametrizes a Region that isRegionFor that Entity. The use in OWL is therefore a shortcut to annotate what Parameter constrains what Entity
is constraint for
è un vincolo per
is covered by
è ricoperto da
is defined in
è definito in
The relation between an Entity and a Description: a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.
is described by
è descritto da
is event included in
è un evento nel contesto di
is executed in
è eseguito mediante
is expanded in
è espansa in
A relation between a dul:SocialObject (the 'meaning') and a dul:InformationObject (the 'expression'). For example: 'A Beehive is a structure in which bees are kept, typically in the form of a dome or box.' (Oxford dictionary)'; 'the term Beehive expresses the concept Beehive in my apiculture ontology'. The intuition for 'meaning' is intended to be very broad. A separate, large comment is included in the encoding of 'expresses', for those who want to investigate more on what kind of meaning can be represented in what form.
is expressed by
è espresso da
is introduced by
è introdotto da
A generic, relative localization, holding between any entities. E.g. 'Rome is the seat of the Pope', 'the liver is the location of the tumor'. For 'absolute' locations, see SpaceRegion
is location of
è una localizzazione di
A relation between collections and entities, e.g. 'the Night Watch by Rembrandt is in the Rijksmuseum collection'; 'Davide is member of the Pen Club', 'Igor is one the subjects chosen for the experiment'.
is member of
è membro di
is object included in
è un oggetto nel contesto di
A relation to represent a (past, present or future) TimeInterval at which an Entity is observable. In order to encode a specific time, a data value should be related to the TimeInterval. An alternative way of representing time is the datatype property: hasIntervalDate
is observable at
è osservabile a
is parameter for
è un parametro per
The relation between a Parameter, e.g. 'MajorAge', and a Region, e.g. '>17 year'.
is parametrized by
è parametrizzato da
A relation between any entities, e.g.'brain is a part of the human body'.
is part of
è parte di
is participant in
è un partecipante a
Direct succession applied to situations. E.g., 'Taking some rest is a postcondition of my search for a hotel'.
is postcondition of
è postcondizione di
Direct precedence applied to situations. E.g., 'claiming to find nuclear weapons in a foreign country is a precondition to declare war against it'.
is precondition of
è precondizione di
is quality of
è una qualità di
A relation between an information realization and an information object, e.g. the paper copy of the Italian Constitution realizes the text of the Constitution.
is realized by
è realizzato da
A relation between information objects and any Entity (including information objects). It can be used to talk about e.g. entities are references of proper nouns: the proper noun 'Leonardo da Vinci' isAbout the Person Leonardo da Vinci; as well as to talk about sets of entities that can be described by a common noun: the common noun 'person' isAbout the set of all persons in a domain of discourse, which can be represented in DOLCE-Ultralite as an individual of the class: Collection . The isReferenceOf relation is irreflexive, differently from its inverse isAbout.
is reference of
è il riferimento di
The relation between entities and information realizations, e.g. between Italy and a paper copy of the text of the Italian Constitution.
is reference of information realized by
è riferimento dell'informazione realizzata da
A relation between entities and regions, e.g. 'the color of my car is red'.
is region for
è una regione di
Any relation between concepts, e.g. superordinated, conceptual parthood, having a parameter, having a task, superordination, etc.
is related to concept
è associato al concetto
is related to description
è associata alla descrizione
A relation between a description and a role, e.g. the role 'Ingredient' is defined in the recipe for a cake.
is role defined in
è un ruolo definito in
A relation between an object and a role, e.g. 'student' is the role of 'John'.
is role of
è un ruolo di
A relation between a Situation and a Description, e.g. the execution of a Plan satisfies that plan.
is satisfied by
è soddisfatta da
A relation between situations and entities, e.g. 'this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica', i.e.: the preparation of my coffee this morning is the setting for (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica.
include
is setting for
A partial order relation that holds between social objects. It represents the subsumption relation between e.g. a Concept and another Concept that is broader in extensional interpretation, but narrowe in intensional interpretation. E.g. PhDStudent Role specializes Student Role
is specialized by
è specializzato da
Direct succession applied to concepts. E.g. the role 'Officer' is subordinated to 'Director'.
is subordinated to
è subordinato a
Direct precedence applied to concepts. E.g. the role 'Executive' is superordinated to 'DepartmentManager'.
is superordinated to
è superordinato a
A relation between a description and a task, e.g. the task 'boil' is defined in a recipe for a cake.
is task defined in
è un task definito in
is task of
è un obiettivo per
is time included in
è un tempo nel contesto di
The generic relation between time intervals and events.
intervallo temporale di
is time interval of
is time of observation of
è il tempo di osservazione di
A Collection has a unification criterion, provided by a Description; for example, a community of practice can be unified by a shared theory or interest, e.g. the community that makes research on mirror neurons shares some core knowledge about mirror neurons, which can be represented as a Description MirrorNeuronTheory that unifies the community. There can be several unifying descriptions.
is unified by
è unificato da
Generic distance relation between any Entity(s). E.g. Rome is near to Florence, astronomy is near to physics.
near to
A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the chest region overlaps with the abdomen region', 'my spoken words overlap with hers', 'the time of my leave overlaps with the time of your arrival', 'fibromyalgia overlaps with other conditions'. Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize overlaps for objects, events, time intervals, etc.
overlaps
sovrapposto a
The relation between a Parameter, e.g. 'MajorAgeLimit', and a Region, e.g. '18_year'. For a more data-oriented relation, see hasDataValue
parametrizes
parametrizza
A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema. E.g. 'year 1999 precedes 2000', 'deciding what coffee to use' precedes 'preparing coffee', 'World War II follows World War I', 'in the Milan to Rome autoroute, Bologna precedes Florence', etc. It can then be used between tasks, processes, time intervals, spatially locate objects, situations, etc. Subproperties can be defined in order to distinguish the different uses.
precede
precedes
realizes
realizza
realizes information about
realizza informazione che si riferisce a a
A relation between two entities participating in a same Situation; e.g., 'Our company provides an antivenom service' (the situation is the service, the two entities are the company and the antivenom).
is in the same setting as
è nella stessa situazione di
satisfies
soddisfa
A partial order relation that holds between social objects. It mainly represents the subsumption relation between e.g. a Concept or Description and another Concept (resp. Description) that is broader in extensional interpretation, but narrower in intensional interpretation. For example, the role PhDStudent specializes the role Student. Another possible use is between a Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept A, and another Collection that isCoveredBy a Concept B that on its turm specializes A. For example, the 70,000 series Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection specializes the Selmer Mark VI saxophone Collection.
specializes
specializza
unifica
unifies
A generic relation holding between a Description and a Concept. In order to be used, a Concept must be previously definedIn another Description. This last condition cannot be encoded for object properties in OWL.
usa il concetto
uses concept
The Estimated Off-Block time submitted in the Flight plan
The reported cruise speed altitude in the flight plan
The Initial take off time submitted in the flight plan
A short description for the regulation (if available)
Pressure Altitude (meters). The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level (MSL).
The direction of RouteSegment availability
Heading. The heading of the moving object associated to this semantic node. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an object is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid).
Used by Airblock and RouteSegment entities
The reported current mass of the moving object (Kgr)
A brief natural language reference for an entity
The designator number of an aviation Route
The Designator prefix of an aviation route
The Route Designator Second Letter provided for an aviation route
A suffix for the route designator, indicating alternates for homonymous routes (especially for military training routes).
The identification provided at the source of the entity
The WorldPortIndex identification of a port
The ID of the port in EuroGlobalMap datasource.
Draught is the distance between the waterline and the bottom of the keel of the vessel.
The reported dew point in a weather condition report
The maximum temperature reported in a weather condition report
The minimum temperature reported in a weather condition report
The reported pressure in a weather condition report
The wind direction of a weather condition reported
The wind speed of a weather condition reported
A datatype property that encodes values from xsd:date for an Event; a same Event can have more than one xsd:date value: begin date, end date, date at which the interval holds, as well as dates expressed in different formats: xsd:gYear, xsd:dateTime, etc.
evento ha data
has event date
A datatype property that encodes values from xsd:date for a TimeInterval; a same TimeInterval can have more than one xsd:date value: begin date, end date, date at which the interval holds, as well as dates expressed in different formats: xsd:gYear, xsd:dateTime, etc.
has interval date
intervallo ha data
Parametrizes values from a datatype. For example, a Parameter MinimumAgeForDriving hasParameterDataValue 18 on datatype xsd:int, in the Italian traffic code. In this example, MinimumAgeForDriving isDefinedIn the Norm ItalianTrafficCodeAgeDriving. More complex parametrization requires workarounds. E.g. AgeRangeForDrugUsage could parametrize data value: 14 to 50 on the datatype: xsd:int. Since complex datatypes are not allowed in OWL1.0, a solution to this can only work by creating two 'sub-parameters': MinimumAgeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 14) and MaximumAgeForDrugUsage (that hasParameterDataValue 50), which are components of (cf. hasComponent) the main Parameter AgeRangeForDrugUsage. Ordering on subparameters can be created by using or specializing the object property 'precedes'.
ha valore
has parameter data value
A datatype property that encodes values for a Region, e.g. a float for the Region Height.
has region data value
regione ha valore
87: Airport Facilities, parking stands, ramp congestion, buildings, gate limitations, ...
88: Restrictions at airport of destination, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, ...
89: Restrictions at airport of departure, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, start-up and pushback, ...
81: ATC restriction en-route or capacity
82: ATC restriction due to staff shortage or equipment failure en-route
84: ATC restriction due to weather at destination
A trajectory built upon the actual (raw or aggregated) sequence of positions of the moving object
All operations must be conducted under IFR. All aircraft are subject to ATC clearance. All flights are separated from each other by ATC.
Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR. All aircraft are subject to ATC clearance. All flights are separated from each other by ATC.
Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR. All aircraft are subject to ATC clearance (country-specific variations notwithstanding). Aircraft operating under IFR and SVFR are separated from each other and from flights operating under VFR, but VFR flights are not separated from each other. Flights operating under VFR are given traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.
Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR. All flights are subject to ATC clearance (country-specific variations notwithstanding). Aircraft operating under IFR and SVFR are separated from each other, and are given traffic information in respect of VFR flights. Flights operating under VFR are given traffic information in respect of all other flights.
Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR. Aircraft operating under IFR and SVFR are separated from each other, and are subject to ATC clearance. Flights under VFR are not subject to ATC clearance. As far as is practical, traffic information is given to all flights in respect of VFR flights.
Operations may be conducted under IFR or VFR. ATC separation will be provided, so far as practical, to aircraft operating under IFR. Traffic Information may be given as far as is practical in respect of other flights.
Operations may be conducted under IFR or VFR. ATC has no authority but VFR minimums are to be known by pilots. Traffic Information may be given as far as is practical in respect of other flights.
The class of moving objects with flying capabilities. Please notice that aviation specific classes and properties are provided in a separate module
An operator who owns at least one aircraft. It can be identified by the operator's ICAO code, or it can be private or unknown.
A portion of an arrival procedure (STAR) as defined by two consecutive significant points.
Bulk carrier means a ship which is constructed generally with single deck, top-side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces, and is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, and includes such types as ore carriers and combination carriers. (SOLAS IX/1.6). Bulk carrier means a ship which is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, including such types as ore carriers and combination carriers. (SOLAS XII/1.1)
A bunker is generally applied to the storage of petroleum products in tanks, and the practice and business of refueling ships. Bunkering operations are located at seaports, and they include the storage of bunker (ship) fuels and the provision of the fuel to vessels. Bunkering includes the shipboard logistics of loading fuel and distributing it among available bunkers (on-board fuel tanks).
An anchored float serving as a navigation mark, to show reefs or other hazards, or for mooring
A Trajectory where the destination is reached
A line following the general contour of the shore, except that in cases of inlets or bays less than 30 nautical miles in width, the line shall pass directly across the inlet or bay to intersect the general contour on the opposite side.
Information provided from other than the sensors data
A portion of an departure procedure as defined by two consecutive significant points.
A geographical location not marked by the site of a radio navigation aid, used in defining an ATS route, the flight path of an aircraft or for other navigation or ATS purposes.
A physical or digital document, issued by an Agent or Moving object
Contextual information that can change w.r.t. time
extended service set (ESS): A set of one or more interconnected basic service sets (BSSs) and integrated local area networks (LANs) that appears as a single BSS to the logical link control layer at any station associated with one of those BSSs.
Environmental events affecting moving objects' behaviour
A sub-class of Events that refer or affect moving objects in datAcron domain (i.e. maritime and aviation)
The building unit of Airspace Volumes. Each airspace volume is defined by a finite set of airblocks. An airblock 3D is a 3D volume defined by: i) the airblock, ii) a value for lower altitude bound, iii) a value for upper altitude bound.
A 3D airspace, composed by 3D airblocks and the specified capacity.
CTFM is the profile based on the real track reports of the flown flight submitted by the different ACCs to EUROCONTROL. Notice that many flights might not contain the CTFM
The last submitted flight plan from the airline, before take-off
A semantic node that provides information about intended trajectory
A sub-class of intended trajectory, which is reported in a FM_FlightPlan
The regulated Flight plan submitted by an airline. Notice that not all the flights are regulated (i.e. there is no RTFM for these flights)
A flow management regulation applied on a spatiotemporal region
A fishing vessel is a vessel used for catching fish, whales, seals, walrus or other living resources of the sea. (SOLAS I/2). Fishing vessel means any vessel used commercially for catching fish, whales, seals, walrus or other living resources of the sea. (SFV 1993 article 2)
Fly-by waypoint. A waypoint which requires turn anticipation to allow tangential interception of the next segment of a route or procedure
Flyover waypoint. A waypoint at which a turn is initiated in order to join the next segment of a route or procedure.
General cargo ship: A ship with a multi-deck or single-deck hull designed primarily for the carriage of general cargo. (MEPC.1/Circ.681 Annex)
The geometry is an abstract entity in this domain, since we do not need geometry specific properties, such as CSR, WKT representation etc. The URI of the geometry refers to the serialized geometry where the low level details are provided.
A subclass of events in datAcron domain, where contextual information need to be consulted jointly with the sensor's data
High-speed craft is a craft capable of a maximum speed, in metres per second (m/s), equal to or exceeding 3.7 times the one-sixth power of the volume of displacement corresponding to the design waterline (m³), excluding craft the hull of which is supported completely clear above the water surface in non-displacement mode by aerodynamic forces generated by ground effect. (SOLAS X/1.2, HSC Code 2000 para 1.4.30)
ILS_DME: . Collocation can be with the antenna or the loc. See NavaidComponent collocationGroup
A reported trajectory that an Agent intents to follow
The classification of harbor size is based on several applicable factors, including area, facilities, and wharf space. It is not based on area alone or on any other single factor.
A sub-class of event that can be identified only by the sensor's recordings
Mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) means a vessel capable of engaging in drilling operations for the exploration for or exploitation of resources beneath the sea-bed such as liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons, sulphur or salt. (SOLAS IX/1, MODU Code 2009 para 1.3.40)
Includes maritime borders between states
A navaid is a physical device on the ground that airplanes can detect and fly to. Modern examples include NDBs and VORs, which both transmit radio signals that aircraft can follow and home in on. An older example would be a lighted beacon that can shine through night and clouds (used by the USPS before the air navigation system was built). A navaid is different from a waypoint, which is not necessarily a physical place (i.e. it can be a named point used as reference).
A semantic node provides a meaningful abstraction or aggregation of raw positions
A nuclear ship is a ship provided with a nuclear power plant. (SOLAS I/2)
A Trajectory where the final destination is not yet met.
An operational event triggered by an authorized/operator agent in a spatiotemporal region
A passenger ship is a ship which carries more than twelve passengers. (SOLAS I/2)
A physical place described by a geometry, name, ICAO, IATA etc codes. Please notice that aviation or marine places are described in separate modules
An organized community within an adminstration area of a country
raw data specifying the moving object's spatio-temporal position
River Basin N - None port. See Pub150bk.pdf
A course taken in getting from a starting point to a destination. A route is not bound to specific moving entities and has no requirement for time reference in the intermediate points. For example, the route that connects two sea ports, exists irrevelantly to the departure/arrival time.
A portion of a procedure as defined by two consecutive significant points.
A link class that allows selecting between a navaid system, a runway point, an airport reference point, an aiming point or a fix designated point. SignificantPoint accounts for a specified geographical location used to define an ATS route, the flight path of an aircraft or for other navigation/ATS purposes.
Special purpose ship (SPS) means a mechanically self-propelled ship which by reason of its function carries on board more than 12 special personnel. (SPS Code para 1.3.12)
In aviation, a standard terminal arrival route or standard terminal arrival (STAR) is a published procedure followed by aircrafts on an IFR flight plan just before reaching a destination airport. A STAR is an ATC-coded IFR arrival route established for application to arriving IFR aircraft destined for certain airports
In aviation, a standard terminal departure route or standard terminal arrival (STAR) is a published procedure followed by aircrafts on an IFR flight plan leaving a departure airport.
Contextual information that will never change
A trajectory that is constructed by a simulation process. This is not necessary an intended trajectory, while intended trajectories can be produced from simulation processes. A major dofference from intended trajectory, is that simulation and generation of synthetic trajectories can be refer to both past and future temporal periods, while intended trajectory refers to only future time periods.
Oil tanker means a ship constructed or adapted primarily to carry oil in bulk in its cargo spaces and includes combination carriers, any "NLS tanker" as defined in Annex II of the present Convention and any gas carrier as defined in regulation 3.20 of chapter II-1 of SOLAS 74 (as amended), when carrying a cargo or part cargo of oil in bulk. (MARPOL Annex I reg. 1.5)
Any temporal entity. Please notice that the super-class 'Time interval' is not restricted to proper intervals, i.e. starting time is not necessary different from ending time.
A trajectory consists of a sequence of temporally non-overlapping trajectory parts that can be either semantic nodes, raw positions reported from sensing devises, or trajectory segments. Each trajectory part may be associated to a specific geometry, representing a point or region of occurrence, and a temporal entity specifying an instant or time interval of occurrence.
A set of trajectories of one or more moving objects that have common spatio-temporal or contextual features, such as departure, destination, intermediate positions, etc
A Node, a raw position or a segment of a trajectory
The class of moving objects with floating capabilities. Please notice that aviation specific classes and properties are provided in a separate module
Waypoint. A specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation. Example: "the airplane is located 10 miles north of WOODY"
A weather condition reported for an associated Region
The surface where any vessel can autonomously moved, separated into regions. This surface includes rivers, estuaries, lakes and open sea
Any Entity that cannot be located in space-time. E.g. mathematical entities: formal semantics elements, regions within dimensional spaces, etc.
Abstract
Astratto
An Event with at least one Agent that isParticipantIn it, and that executes a Task that typically isDefinedIn a Plan, Workflow, Project, etc.
Action
Azione
Additional comment: a computational agent can be considered as a PhysicalAgent that realizes a certain class of algorithms (that can be considered as instances of InformationObject) that allow to obtain some behaviors that are considered typical of agents in general. For an ontology of computational objects based on DOLCE see e.g. http://www.loa-cnr.it/COS/COS.owl, and http://www.loa-cnr.it/KCO/KCO.owl.
Any agentive Object , either physical (e.g. a whale, a robot, an oak), or social (e.g. a corporation, an institution, a community).
Agent
Agente
A quantity, independently from how it is measured, computed, etc.
Amount
Quantità
Biological object
Chemical object
A special kind of Situation that allows to include time indexing for the classifies relation in situations. For example, if a Situation s 'my old cradle is used in these days as a flower pot' isSettingFor the entity 'my old cradle' and the TimeIntervals '8June2007' and '10June2007', and we know that s satisfies a functional Description for aesthetic objects, which defines the Concepts 'flower pot' and 'flower', then we also need to know what concept classifies 'my old cradle' at what time. In order to solve this issue, we need to create a sub-situation s' for the classification time: 'my old cradle is a flower pot in 8June2007'. Such sub-situation s' isPartOf s.
Classification
Classificazione
Any container for entities that share one or more common properties. E.g. "stone objects", "the nurses", "the Louvre Aegyptian collection", all the elections for the Italian President of the Republic. A collection is not a logical class: a collection is a first-order entity, while a class is second-order.
Collection
Collezione
A Collection whose members are agents, e.g. "the nurses", "the Italian rockabilly fans". Collectives, facon de parler, can act as agents, although they are not assumed here to be agents (they are even disjoint from the class SocialAgent). This is represented by admitting collectives in the range of the relations having Agent in their domain or range.
Collective
Collettivo
A SocialAgent that is actedBy agents that are (and act as) members of a Collective. A collective agent can have roles that are also roles of those agents. For example, in sociology, a 'group action' is the situation in which a number of people (that result to be members of a collective) in a given area behave in a coordinated way in order to achieve a (often common) goal. The Agent in such a Situation is not single, but a CollectiveAgent (a Group). This can be generalized to the notion of social movement, which assumes a large Community or even the entire Society as agents. The difference between a CollectiveAgent and an Organization is that a Description that introduces a CollectiveAgent is also one that unifies the corresponding Collective. In practice, this difference makes collective agents 'less stable' than organizations, because they have a dedicated, publicly recognizable Description that is conceived to introduce them.
Agente collettivo
Collective agent
Community
Comunità
A Concept is a SocialObject, and isDefinedIn some Description; once defined, a Concept can be used in other Description(s). If a Concept isDefinedIn exactly one Description, see the LocalConcept class. The classifies relation relates Concept(s) to Entity(s) at some TimeInterval
Concept
Concetto
A collection whose members are 'unified', i.e. organized according to a certain schema that can be represented by a Description. Typically, a configuration is the collection that emerges out of a composed entity: an industrial artifact, a plan, a discourse, etc. E.g. a physical book has a configuration provided by the part-whole schema that holds together its cover, pages, ink. That schema, based on the individual relations between the book and its parts, can be represented in a reified way by means of a (structural) description, which is said to 'unify' the book configuration.
Configuration
Configurazione
(The content of) an agreement between at least two agents that play a Party Role, about some contract object (a Task to be executed).
Contract
Contratto
A Description is a SocialObject that represents a conceptualization. It can be thought also as a 'descriptive context' that uses or defines concepts in order to create a view on a 'relational context' (cf. Situation) out of a set of data or observations. For example, a Plan is a Description of some actions to be executed by agents in a certain way, with certain parameters; a Diagnosis is a Description that provides an interpretation for a set of observed entities, etc.
Description
Descrizione
A Description of the Situation, in terms of structure and function, held by an Entity for some reason. A design is usually accompanied by the rationales behind the construction of the designed Entity (i.e. of the reasons why a design is claimed to be as such). For example, the actual design (a Situation) of a car or of a law is based on both the specification (a Description) of the structure, and the rationales used to construct cars or laws. While designs typically describe entities to be constructed, they can also be used to describe 'refunctionalized' entities, or to hypothesize unknown functions. For example, a cradle can be refunctionalized as a flowerpot based on a certain home design.
Design
A PhysicalArtifact that is also described by a Design. This excludes simple recycling or refunctionalization of natural objects. Most common sense 'artifacts' can be included in this class: cars, lamps, houses, chips, etc.
Artefatto progettato
Designed artifact
A Description of the Situation of a system, usually applied in order to control a normal behaviour, or to explain a notable behavior (e.g. a functional breakdown).
Diagnosi
Diagnosis
Anything: real, possible, or imaginary, which some modeller wants to talk about for some purpose.
Entity
Entità
Any physical, social, or mental process, event, or state. More theoretically, events can be classified in different ways, possibly based on 'aspect' (e.g. stative, continuous, accomplishement, achievement, etc.), on 'agentivity' (e.g. intentional, natural, etc.), or on 'typical participants' (e.g. human, physical, abstract, food, etc.). Here no special direction is taken, and the following explains why: events are related to observable situations, and they can have different views at a same time. If a position has to be suggested here anyway, the participant-based classification of events seems the most stable and appropriate for many modelling problems. (1) Alternative aspectual views Consider a same event 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley': it can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought a certain state to occur), as an achievement (the state resulting from a previous accomplishment), as a punctual event (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as a transition (something that has changed from a state to a different one). In the erosion case, we could therefore have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) historical condensation, d) transition (causality). The different views refer to the same event, but are still different: how to live with this seeming paradox? A typical solution e.g. in linguistics (cf. Levin's aspectual classes) and in DOLCE Full (cf. WonderWeb D18 axiomatization) is to classify events based on aspectual differences. But this solution would create different identities for a same event, where the difference is only based on the modeller's attitude. An alternative solution is applied here, and exploits the notion of (observable) Situation; a Situation is a view, consistent with a Description, which can be observed of a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame'. Therefore, a Situation allows to create a context where each particular view can have a proper identity, while the Event preserves its own identity. For example, ErosionAsAccomplishment is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as a process leading to a certain achievement: the conditions (roles, parameters) that suggest such view are stated in a Description, which acts as a 'theory of accomplishments'. Similarly, ErosionAsTransition is a Situation where rock erosion is observed as an event that has changed a state to another: the conditions for such interpretation are stated in a different Description, which acts as a 'theory of state transitions'. Consider that in no case the actual event is changed or enriched in parts by the aspectual view. (2) Alternative intentionality views Similarly to aspectual views, several intentionality views can be provided for a same Event. For example, one can investigate if an avalanche has been caused by immediate natural forces, or if there is any hint of an intentional effort to activate those natural forces. Also in this case, the Event as such has not different identities, while the causal analysis generates situations with different identities, according to what Description is taken for interpreting the Event. On the other hand, if the possible actions of an Agent causing the starting of an avalanche are taken as parts of the Event, then this makes its identity change, because we are adding a part to it. Therefore, if intentionality is a criterion to classify events or not, this depends on if an ontology designer wants to consider causality as a relevant dimension for events' identity. (3) Alternative participant views A slightly different case is when we consider the basic participants to an Event. In this case, the identity of the Event is affected by the participating objects, because it depends on them. For example, if snow, mountain slopes, wind, waves, etc. are considered as an avalanche basic participants, or if we also want to add water, human agents, etc., that makes the identity of an avalanche change. Anyway, this approach to event classification is based on the designer's choices, and more accurately mirrors lexical or commonsense classifications (see. e.g. WordNet 'supersenses' for verb synsets). Ultimately, this discussion has no end, because realists will keep defending the idea that events in reality are not changed by the way we describe them, while constructivists will keep defending the idea that, whatever 'true reality' is about, it can't be modelled without the theoretical burden of how we observe and describe it. Both positions are in principle valid, but, if taken too radically, they focus on issues that are only partly relevant to the aim of computational ontologies, which only attempt to assist domain experts in representing what they want to conceptualize a certain portion of reality according to their own ideas. For this reason, in this ontology both events and situations are allowed, together with descriptions, in order to encode the modelling needs, independently from the position (if any) chosen by the designer.
Event
Evento
A Concept that classifies an Event . An event type describes how an Event should be interpreted, executed, expected, seen, etc., according to the Description that the EventType isDefinedIn (or used in)
Event type
Tipo di evento
Entities that are formally defined and are considered independent from the social context in which they are used. They cannot be localized in space or time. Also called 'Platonic entities'. Mathematical and logical entities are included in this class: sets, categories, tuples, costants, variables, etc. Abstract formal entities are distinguished from information objects, which are supposed to be part of a social context, and are localized in space and time, therefore being (social) objects. For example, the class 'Quark' is an abstract formal entity from the purely set-theoretical perspective, but it is an InformationObject from the viewpoint of ontology design, when e.g. implemented in a logical language like OWL. Abstract formal entities are also distinguished from Concept(s), Collection(s), and Description(s), which are part of a social context, therefore being SocialObject(s) as well. For example, the class 'Quark' is an abstract FormalEntity from the purely set-theoretical perspective, but it is a Concept within history of science and cultural dynamics. These distinctions allow to represent two different notions of 'semantics': the first one is abstract and formal ('formal semantics'), and formallyInterprets symbols that are about entities whatsoever; for example, the term 'Quark' isAbout the Collection of all quarks, and that Collection isFormalGroundingFor the abstract class 'Quark' (in the extensional sense). The second notion is social, localized in space-time ('social semantics'), and can be used to interpret entities in the intensional sense. For example, the Collection of all quarks isCoveredBy the Concept 'Quark', which is also expressed by the term 'Quark'.
Entità formale astratta
Formal entity
Functional substance
The Description of a Situation that is desired by an Agent, and usually associated to a Plan that describes how to actually achieve it
Goal
Scopo
A CollectiveAgent whose acting agents conceptualize a same SocialRelation .
Group
Gruppo
A piece of information, be it concretely realized or not.
A piece of information, such as a musical composition, a text, a word, a picture, independently from how it is concretely realized.
Information object
Oggetto informativo
A concrete realization of an InformationObject, e.g. the written document containing the text of a law.
Information realization
Informazione concreta
A Concept that isDefinedIn exactly 1 Description. For example, the Concept 'coffee' in a 'preparesCoffee' relation can be defined in that relation, and for all other Description(s) that use it, the isConceptUsedIn property should be applied. Notice therefore that not necessarily all Concept(s) isDefinedIn exactly 1 Description.
Local concept
A method is a Description that defines or uses concepts in order to guide carrying out actions aimed at a solution with respect to a problem. It is different from a Plan, because plans could be carried out in order to follow a method, but a method can be followed by executing alternative plans.
Method
Metodo
Narrative
A person in the physical commonsense intuition: 'have you seen that person walking down the street?'
Natural person
Persona fisica
Norm
Norma
Any physical, social, or mental object, or a substance. Following DOLCE Full, objects are always participating in some event (at least their own life), and are spatially located.
Object
Oggetto
A physical objects with biological characteristics, typically that organisms can self-reproduce.
Organism
Organismo
An internally structured, conventionally created SocialAgent, needing a specific Role and Agent that plays it, in order to act.
Un agente sociale strutturato internamente e creato convenzionalmente. Per agire, ha bisogno di ruoli e agenti che li ricoprano.
Organization
Organizzazione
A Concept that classifies a Region; the difference between a Region and a Parameter is that regions represent sets of observable values, e.g. the height of a given building, while parameters represent constraints or selections on observable values, e.g. 'VeryHigh'. Therefore, parameters can also be used to constrain regions, e.g. VeryHigh on a subset of values of the Region Height applied to buildings, or to add an external selection criterion , such as measurement units, to regions, e.g. Meter on a subset of values from the Region Length applied to the Region Length applied to roads.
Parameter
Parametro
Any invariance detected from a dataset, or from observation; also, any invariance proposed based on top-down considerations. E.g. patterns detected and abstracted by an organism, by pattern recognition algorithms, by machine learning techniques, etc. An occurrence of a pattern is an 'observable', or detected Situation
Pattern
Persons in commonsense intuition, which does not apparently distinguish between either natural or social persons.
Person
A social entity with agentive features, but whose status is the result of a cultural transformation from e.g. a PhysicalObject, an Event, an Abstract, another SocialObject, etc. For example: the holy grail, deus ex machina, gods, magic wands, etc.
Personification
A PhysicalObject that is capable of self-representing (conceptualizing) a Description in order to plan an Action. A PhysicalAgent is a substrate for (actsFor) a Social Agent
Agente fisico
Physical agent
Any PhysicalObject that isDescribedBy a Plan . This axiomatization is weak, but allows to talk of artifacts in a very general sense, i.e. including recycled objects, objects with an intentional functional change, natural objects that are given a certain function, even though they are not modified or structurally designed, etc. PhysicalArtifact(s) are not considered disjoint from PhysicalBody(s), in order to allow a dual classification when needed. E.g., FunctionalSubstance(s) are included here as well. Immaterial (non-physical) artifacts (e.g. texts, ideas, cultural movements, corporations, communities, etc. can be modelled as social objects (see SocialObject), which are all 'artifactual' in the weak sense assumed here.
Artefatto fisico
Physical artifact
Physical value of a physical object, e.g. density, color, etc.
Caratteristica fisica
Physical attribute
Physical bodies are PhysicalObject(s), for which we tend to neutralize any possible artifactual character. They can have several granularity levels: geological, chemical, physical, biological, etc.
Physical body
Any Object that has a proper space region. The prototypical physical object has also an associated mass, but the nature of its mass can greatly vary based on the epistemological status of the object (scientifically measured, subjectively possible, imaginary).
Oggetto fisico
Physical object
A physical object that is inherently located; for example, a water area.
Luogo fisico
Physical place
A location, in a very generic sense: a political geographic entity (Roma, Lesotho), a non-material location determined by the presence of other entities ("the area close to Roma"), pivot events or signs ("the area where the helicopter fell"), complements of other entities ("the area under the table"), etc. In this generic sense, a Place is an "approximate" location. For an "absolute" location, see the class SpaceRegion
Luogo
Place
A Description having an explicit Goal, to be achieved by executing the plan
Piano
Plan
Plan executions are situations that proactively satisfy a plan. Subplan executions are proper parts of the whole plan execution.
Esecuzione di piano
Plan execution
This is a placeholder for events that are considered in their evolution, or anyway not strictly dependent on agents, tasks, and plans. See Event class for some thoughts on classifying events. See also 'Transition'.
Process
Processo
A Plan that defines Role(s), Task(s), and a specific structure for tasks to be executed in relation to goals to be achieved, in order to achieve the main goal of the project. In other words, a project is a plan with a subgoal structure and multiple roles and tasks.
Progetto
Project
Any aspect of an Entity (but not a part of it), which cannot exist without that Entity. For example, the way the surface of a specific PhysicalObject looks like, or the specific light of a place at a certain time, are examples of Quality, while the encoding of a Quality into e.g. a PhysicalAttribute should be modeled as a Region. From the design viewpoint, the Quality-Region distinction is useful only when individual aspects of an Entity are considered in a domain of discourse. For example, in an automotive context, it would be irrelevant to consider the aspects of car windows for a specific car, unless the factory wants to check a specific window against design parameters (anomaly detection). On the other hand, in an antiques context, the individual aspects for a specific piece of furniture are a major focus of attention, and may constitute the actual added value, because the design parameters for old furniture are often not fixed, and may not be viewed as 'anomalies'.
Quality
Qualità
Any region in a dimensional space (a dimensional space is a maximal Region), which can be used as a value for a quality of an Entity . For example, TimeInterval, SpaceRegion, PhysicalAttribute, Amount, SocialAttribute are all subclasses of Region. Regions are not data values in the ordinary knowledge representation sense; in order to get patterns for modelling data, see the properties: representsDataValue and hasDataValue
Region
Regione
Relations are descriptions that can be considered as the counterpart of formal relations (that are included in the FormalEntity class). For example, 'givingGrantToInstitution(x,y,z)' with three argument types: Provider(x),Grant(y),Recipient(z), can have a Relation counterpart: 'GivingGrantToInstitution', which defines three Concept instances: Provider,Grant,Recipient. Since social objects are not formal entities, Relation includes here any 'relation-like' entity in common sense, including social relations.
Relation
Relazione
A legal position by which an Agent is entitled to obtain something from another Agent , under specified circumstances, through an enforcement explicited either in a Law, Contract , etc.
Diritto
Right
Role
Ruolo
Set
A view, consistent with ('satisfying') a Description, on a set of entities. It can also be seen as a 'relational context' created by an observer on the basis of a 'frame' (i.e. a Description). For example, a PlanExecution is a context including some actions executed by agents according to certain parameters and expected tasks to be achieved from a Plan; a DiagnosedSituation is a context of observed entities that is interpreted on the basis of a Diagnosis, etc. Situation is also able to represent reified n-ary relations, where isSettingFor is the top-level relation for all binary projections of the n-ary relation. If used in a transformation pattern for n-ary relations, the designer should take care of creating only one subclass of Situation for each n-ary relation, otherwise the 'identification constraint' (Calvanese et al., IJCAI 2001) could be violated.
Situation
Situazione
Any individual whose existence is granted simply by its social communicability and capability of action (through some PhysicalAgent).
Agente sociale
Social agent
Any Object that exists only within some communication Event, in which at least one PhysicalObject participates in. In other words, all objects that have been or are created in the process of social communication: for the sake of communication (InformationObject), for incorporating new individuals (SocialAgent, Place), for contextualizing existing entities (Situation), for collecting existing entities (Collection), or for describing existing entities (Description, Concept). Being dependent on communication, all social objects need to be expressed by some information object (information object are self-expressing).
Oggetto sociale
Social object
Any Region in a dimensional space that is used to represent some characteristic of a SocialObject, e.g. judgment values, social scalars, statistical attributes over a collection of entities, etc.
Caratteristica sociale
Social attribute
A SocialAgent that needs the existence of a specific NaturalPerson in order to act (but the lifetime of the NaturalPerson has only to overlap that of the SocialPerson).
Persona sociale
Social person
Formerly: Person (changed to avoid confusion with commonsense intuition)
Relazione sociale
Social relation
Any Region in a dimensional space that is used to localize an Entity ; i.e., it is not used to represent some characteristic (e.g. it excludes time intervals, colors, size values, judgment values, etc.). Differently from a Place , a space region has a specific dimensional space.
Regione di spazio
Space region
Any PhysicalBody that has not necessarily specified (designed) boundaries, e.g. a pile of trash, some sand, etc. In this sense, an artistic object made of trash or a dose of medicine in the form of a pill would be a FunctionalSubstance, and a DesignedArtifact, since its boundaries are specified by a Design; aleatoric objects that are outcomes of an artistic process might be still considered DesignedArtifact(s), and Substance(s).
Sostanza
Substance
An EventType that classifies an Action to be executed. For example, reaching a destination is a task that can be executed by performing certain actions, e.g. driving a car, buying a train ticket, etc. The actions to execute a task can also be organized according to a Plan that is not the same as the one that defines the task (if any). For example, reaching a destination could be defined by a plan to get on holidays, while the plan to execute the task can consist of putting some travels into a sequence.
Task
A Theory is a Description that represents a set of assumptions for describing something, usually general. Scientific, philosophical, and commonsense theories can be included here. This class can also be used to act as 'naturalized reifications' of logical theories (of course, they will be necessarily incomplete in this case, because second-order entities are represented as first-order ones).
Teoria
Theory
Any Region in a dimensional space that aims at representing time.
Intervallo di tempo
Time interval
A transition is a Situation that creates a context for three TimeInterval(s), two additional different Situation(s), one Event, one Process, and at least one Object: the Event is observed as the cause for the transition, one Situation is the state before the transition, the second Situation is the state after the transition, the Process is the invariance under some different transitions (including the one represented here), in which at least one Object is situated. Finally, the time intervals position the situations and the transitional event in time. This class of situations partly encodes the ontology underlying typical engineering algebras for processes, e.g. Petri Nets. A full representation of the transition ontology is outside the expressivity of OWL, because we would need qualified cardinality restrictions, coreference, property equivalence, and property composition.
Transition
Transizione
A Collection whose members are the maximal set of individuals that share the same (named) type, e.g. "the gem stones", "the Italians". This class is very useful to apply a variety of the so-called "ClassesAsValues" design pattern, when it is used to talk about the extensional aspect of a class. An alternative variety of the pattern applies to the intensional aspect of a class, and the class Concept should be used instead.
Collezione di un tipo
Type collection
Units of measure are conceptualized here as parameters on regions, which can be valued as datatype values.
Unit of measure
Unità di misura
A Plan that defines Role(s), Task(s), and a specific structure for tasks to be executed, usually supporting the work of an Organization
Workflow
Esecuzione di workflow
Workflow execution
The event describing that an aircraft changes its flight level
The event describing that an aircraft has been rediscovered from a communication gap
The event describing that an aircraft has changed direction
The event describing that an aircraft reaches the destination airport
The event describing that an aircraft now starts moving (i.e. from the apron of an airport)
The event describing that an aircraft is now stopped (i.e. at the apron of an airport)
The event describing that an aircraft moves in slow motion
The event describing that an aircraft stops changing its speed (i.e. it stabilizes its speed)
The event describing that an aircraft starts changing its speed (i.e. accelerating/deccelerating)
The event describing that a vessel has started moving
The event describing that a vessel has stopped moving
The event describing that an aircraft leaves the departure airport
An internal GNSS Fixing device used on a vessel
This class is a placeholder for Fixing device type. Instances from data in ''not_associated_*'' classes indicate an error.
An undefined Fixing device used on a vessel
Specifies the reference point from which a route, a plan or a trajectory starts.
Specifies the reference point to the destination of a route, a plan or a trajectory.
A datatype property that encodes values from a datatype for an Entity. There are several ways to encode values in DOLCE (Ultralite): 1) Directly assert an xsd:_ value to an Entity by using hasDataValue 2) Assert a Region for an Entity by using hasRegion, and then assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue 3) Assert a Quality for an Entity by using hasQuality, then assert a Region for that Quality, and assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue 4) When the value is required, but not directly observed, assert a Parameter for an xsd:_ value by using hasParameterDataValue, and then associate the Parameter to an Entity by using isConstraintFor 5) When the value is required, but not directly observed, you can also assert a Parameter for a Region by using parametrizes, and then assert an xsd:_ value to that Region, by using hasRegionDataValue The five approaches obey different requirements. For example, a simple value can be easily asserted by using pattern (1), but if one needs to assert an interval between two values, a Region should be introduced to materialize that interval, as pattern (2) suggests. Furthermore, if one needs to distinguish the individual Quality of a value, e.g. the particular nature of the density of a substance, pattern (3) can be used. Patterns (4) and (5) should be used instead when a constraint or a selection is modeled, independently from the actual observation of values in the real world.
has data value